Dieser Text gibt am Beispiel der Beziehungen zwischen China und dem Ausland im 19. Jahrhundert einen knappen Überblick über die Bedeutung der Geschichte für den von Partei und Staat propagierten chinesischen Nationalismus und damit die Legitimität der kommunistischen Partei Chinas (KPCh).
„Jahrhundert der Schande“
Die Zeit zwischen dem Opiumkrieg 1840 und der Gründung der Volksrepublik China 1949 wird im Sprachgebrauch der Volksrepublik China als „Jahrhundert der Schande“ (bainian guochi 百年国耻) bezeichnet. Durch Waffengewalt sowie politischen und wirtschaftlichen Druck zwangen ausländische Staaten (darunter viele Staaten Westeuropas, Russland, die USA und später auch Japan) China zu Verträgen, die Chinas Souveränität in Wirtschaft und Politik stark einschränkten. Gleichzeitig errichteten sie in China Kolonien und Einflussgebiete. Auf kultureller Ebene entwickelten beziehungsweise verstärkten sich in dieser Zeit negative und rassistische Vorstellungen über China und die Chines*innen als rückständig oder minderwertig.
Der Wunsch, Abhilfe zu schaffen für Chinas schwache Position gegenüber dem Ausland wurde entsprechend ein wichtiger Bestandteil des politischen Programmes verschiedener chinesischer Parteien im 20. Jahrhundert.
Für die KPCh war und ist die Überwindung dieses Zustandes auch heute noch eine wesentliche Legitimationsquelle (von Hein 2018): Das „Jahrhundert der Schande“ und die „nationale Schmach“ bilden aus Sicht der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas den Gegenpol zum Aufstieg Chinas seit Gründung der VR China. Es war aus Sicht der Partei Mao Zedong, der mit der Gründung der Volksrepublik China, China als souveränen Staat wieder erstarken lies; und daraufhin Deng Xiaoping, der China durch wirtschaftliche Reformen wieder reich machte. Der aktuelle Staatschef Xi Jinping sieht es nun als seine Aufgabe an, dem Land seinen „rechtmäßigen“, einflussreichen Platz, den es vor dem 19. Jahrhundert innehatte, zurückzuführen und so, mit seinem „Chinesischen Traum“ (Zhongguo meng 中国梦) eine „Renaissance des chinesischen Volkes“ (fuxing 复兴) zu bewirken.
Patriotische Erziehung
Dieses Geschichtsnarrativ des „Jahrhunderts der Schande“ – der chinesischen Machtlosigkeit gegenüber dem Ausland – wird insbesondere seit den 1990er-Jahren von Partei und Staat in der Volksrepublik China propagiert. 1989 zeigten die großen Proteste in Beijing und anderen Städten des Landes der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas, dass ihre Rolle als Staatspartei in der Bevölkerung angezweifelt wurde. Als Antwort auf diese Legitimitätskrise begann die Partei Patriotismus und Nationalismus noch stärker zu propagieren und sich selbst als oberste patriotische Instanz darzustellen – sie starteten eine Kampagne der patriotischen Erziehung (Wang 2008; Wang 2012, 120–141).
Anders als noch unter Mao Zedong, als vor allem der Klassenkampf in der offiziellen Geschichtsschreibung betont wurde, wurden nun die Aktionen ausländischer Mächte seit den Opiumkriegen stärker in den Blick genommen – die Volksrepublik China wurde vor allem als Opfer dieser Mächte, die Chinas Entwicklung zurückhielten, dargestellt (Wang 2012, 100-104). Durch den stetigen Rückbezug auf diese kollektiven Traumata, die vor dem Hintergrund der glorreichen chinesischen Tradition, umso bitterer hervorstechen, konnte zum einen der Patriotismus und das Nationalbewusstsein der jungen Generation gestärkt werden, zum anderen konnten westliche Ideen abgewertet werden.
Um dieses Geschichtsbild in die Bevölkerung zu tragen und dort zu verankern, griffen Staat und Partei auf verschiedene Mittel zurück: Erstens wurde die Bedeutung des Geschichtsunterrichts weiter erhöht (Jones 2002, 564–565): Ab 1992 wurde beispielsweise die moderne chinesische Geschichte zu einem Pflichtfach für alle Schüler*innen weiterführender Schulen und Wissen hierzu wurde in der Hochschulzugangsprüfung (Gaokao 高考) abgefragt (Wang 2012, 103). Über einen zentralen Lehrplan für das Fach Geschichte konnte die Partei klare inhaltliche und somit ideologische Vorgaben machen (Jones 2007, 126-153).
Zweitens wurden Denkmäler, Museen und historische Stätten im ganzen Land als „Basen der patriotischen Erziehung“ (aiguozhuyi jiaoyu jidi 爱国主义教育基地) gekennzeichnet (Wang 2012, 104-108). Nicht nur Schulklassen sollen diese besuchen, sondern auch Arbeitseinheiten sind verpflichtet, Ausflüge dorthin zu organisieren. Neben Orten, die in der Geschichte des kaiserzeitlichen Chinas, der Volksrepublik China und der KPCh eine wichtige Rolle spielen, wurden auch viele Stätten, die symbolisch für das „Jahrhundert der Schande“ und „ausländische Aggression“ stehen, in die Liste der „Basen der patriotischen Erziehung“ aufgenommen (Wang 2012, 105).
Drittens wurden seit den 2000er-Jahren verstärkt neue Ansätze der patriotischen Erziehung propagiert. Ab 2004 begann die Partei beispielsweise den sogenannten „roten Tourismus“ (Hongse lüyou 红色旅游) zu fördern. Bedeutende Stätten der Geschichte des kommunistischen Chinas wurden zu Tourismusattraktionen umgewidmet (Denton 2013, 214-242). Außerdem wurde versucht, Unterhaltung und patriotische Erziehung zu verbinden: Eine wichtige Rolle spielen dabei staatlich geförderte Filme – sogenannte „Main Melody“–Filme (zhuxuanlü dianying 主旋律电影), die historische Ereignisse in der aus KPCh-Sicht korrekten Interpretation populär aufbereiten (Trausch 2019). Viele dieser Filme handeln auch von der Geschichte der Kommunistischen Partei: Die Geschichtspolitik der KPCh sorgt also dafür, dass Patriotismus immer auch die Liebe zur Partei umfasst, und dass so Staat und Partei quasi als eins betrachtet werden.
Inwieweit einzelne Personen (beispielsweise Schüler*innen) dieses staatlich propagierte Geschichtsbild auch tatsächlich übernehmen, wurde noch kaum von Wissenschaftler*innen untersucht. Bei einer Befragung mittels Fragebögen von über 500 Schüler*innen in den Städten Beijing, Nanjing, Chongqing und Shenzhen sowie Interviews mit einigen der befragten Schüler*innen im Jahr 2013 fanden Qian, Xu und Chen (2016) heraus, dass Geschichtsschulbücher und der Geschichtsunterrichts nicht zu einer stärkeren nationalistischen Einstellung der Schüler*innen beitragen würden. Außerschulische Aktivitäten – zum Beispiel der Besuch von Geschichtsmuseen – würden hingegen zum Nationalismus beitragen, wenn auch nur in geringem Maße. Dieser geringe Einfluss der staatlichen Geschichtsdarstellungen sei, so die Autor*innen der Studie, darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Schüler*innen aus Medien und ihrer Familie andere Geschichtserzählungen kennenlernen. Seit der Durchführung dieser Studie im Jahr 2013 wurde unter dem neuen Staats- und Parteichef Xi Jinping die patriotische Erziehung im Schulunterricht jedoch weiter ausgebaut (Zou und Huang 2023). Die Ergebnisse der Studie von 2013 können also kaum auch für die Gegenwart gelten.
Anstieg des Nationalismus?
Die Verbreitung eines patriotischen Geschichtsbilds, das die KPCh als die Kraft sieht, die China aus der Ausbeutung durch ausländische Staaten befreit hat, ist zusammen mit dem chinesischen Wirtschaftswachstum sowie dem Anstieg des Lebensstandards (und damit einhergehend der Entstehung einer chinesischen Mittelschicht), wohl einer der Gründe für die anhaltende Legitimität der KPCh in der Volksrepublik China. Im Internet der Volksrepublik China – das von Partei und Staat stark zensiert wird – sind daher auch viele patriotisch-nationalistische Stimmen zu finden (wie beispielsweise die Karikatur „Die letzten G7“ aus dem Jahr 2021).
Schnell können dabei auch ausländische Firmen den Zorn von Chinas Online-Patriot*innen erregen: Seit 2017 gerieten auch deutsche Firmen wie Audi, BMW oder Leica in verschiedene Shitstorms im chinesischen Internet – Audi beispielsweise, weil es auf einer Pressekonferenz Karten zeigte, auf denen Taiwan nicht als Teil Chinas eingezeichnet war (Lohse-Friedrich 2019). Ausländische Medien sehen Vorfälle dieser Art als Anzeichen für den zunehmenden Nationalismus in der Volksrepublik China – gerade auch unter jungen Menschen und im Internet (Fang 2019; Lu 2021; Lu 2019; Yue 2019).
Auf den ersten Blick scheint die Strategie von Partei und Staat seit den 1990er-Jahren also erfolgreich gewesen zu sein. Doch werden die Bürger*innen der Volksrepublik China tatsächlich immer nationalistischer? Die Forschung zum Nationalismus in der Volksrepublik China sieht dies teils differenzierter: Analysen von Umfragen aus Beijing deuten darauf hin, dass die chinesische Jugend wahrscheinlich weniger nationalistisch eingestellt ist als noch ihre Elterngeneration (Johnston 2016).
Als Hauptstadt der Volksrepublik China mögen Umfragen aus Beijing verzerrt sein. Doch die Meinungsäußerungen im chinesischen Internet sind kaum repräsentativ für ganz China: Andere Untersuchungen zeigen beispielsweise, dass chinesische Internetuser – was die Außenpolitik angeht – im Durchschnitt militantere Ansichten vertreten als Nicht-Internetnutzer (Weiss 2019). Doch ähnlich wie in anderen Ländern verstärken auch in der Volksrepublik China soziale Medien die Sichtbarkeit von radikale(re)n Meinungen – auch im dortigen Internet gibt es neben den lauten nationalistischen Stimmen andere Meinungen (Fang 2019; Kuo 2021; Schneider 2018, 197).
Die Entwicklung des chinesischen Online-Nationalismus ist also nicht nur ein staatlich gelenkter, top-down Prozess: Oftmals entstehen Shitstorms, Kampagnen oder Karikaturen in der nationalistisch-patriotischen Internetszene und werden erst später von staatlichen Institutionen aufgegriffen. Auch private Medien oder Blogs befeuern den nationalistischen Diskurs im Internet, um mehr Klicks zu erhalten (Fang 2019). Staat und Partei haben allerdings auch ein Interesse daran, dass nationalistische Diskussionen im chinesischen Internet nicht zu mächtig werden und chinesische Netizens die Außenpolitik der VR China als nicht nationalistisch genug anprangern (Han 2017; Fang 2019). Durch die Zensur, die seit dem Regierungsantritt Xi Jinpings 2012 im digitalen Raum stetig ausgebaut wurde, haben Staat und Partei jedoch weiterhin mächtige Werkzeuge zur Kontrolle und Steuerung des Internets (Creemers 2015).
Jonas Schmid, 08.09.2021, überarbeitet 25.09.2023
Verwendete Literatur
2596022 Modul Karikaturen Hintergrundinformationen items 1 chicago-author-date 0 author asc 1 1 18981 https://www.china-schul-akademie.de/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/ %7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-2b8e241bab829d9f276633c6d89f3e02%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%226UEULNAB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Creemers%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECreemers%2C%20Rogier.%202015.%20%26%23x201C%3BThe%20Pivot%20in%20Chinese%20Cybergovernance.%20Integrating%20Internet%20Control%20in%20Xi%20Jinping%26%23x2019%3Bs%20China.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EChina%20Perspectives%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%202015%20%282015%5C%2F4%29%3A%205%26%23x2013%3B13.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4000%5C%2Fchinaperspectives.6835%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.4000%5C%2Fchinaperspectives.6835%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D6UEULNAB%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Pivot%20in%20Chinese%20Cybergovernance.%20Integrating%20Internet%20Control%20in%20Xi%20Jinping%5Cu2019s%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rogier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Creemers%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20the%20first%20two%20years%20of%20the%20Xi%20administration%2C%20a%20series%20of%20successive%20measures%20were%20taken%20to%20restructure%20the%20way%20that%20the%20Chinese%20Internet%20is%20governed.%20New%20institutions%20were%20created%20to%20centralise%20governance%20over%20a%20sphere%20that%20had%20hitherto%20been%20fragmented%2C%20while%20the%20pursuit%20of%20ideological%20and%20technological%20security%20led%20to%20greater%20efforts%20to%20control%20the%20circulation%20of%20online%20information%20and%20prevent%20harm%2C%20particularly%20originating%20from%20foreign%20threats.%20This%20paper%20analyses%20this%20process%2C%20and%20discusses%20implications%20for%20the%20future%20of%20the%20Chinese%20and%20global%20Internet.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F12%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.4000%5C%2Fchinaperspectives.6835%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222070-3449%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjournals.openedition.org%5C%2Fchinaperspectives%5C%2F6835%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-12-31T14%3A17%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229WUU35T4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Denton%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-12-31%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDenton%2C%20Kirk%20A.%202013.%20%3Ci%3EExhibiting%20the%20Past%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20University%20of%20Hawaii%20Press.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.degruyter.com%5C%2Fdocument%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1515%5C%2F9780824840068%5C%2Fhtml%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.degruyter.com%5C%2Fdocument%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1515%5C%2F9780824840068%5C%2Fhtml%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D9WUU35T4%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Exhibiting%20the%20Past%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kirk%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Denton%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20the%20Mao%20era%2C%20China%5Cu2019s%20museums%20served%20an%20explicit%20and%20uniform%20propaganda%20function%2C%20underlining%20official%20Party%20history%2C%20eulogizing%20revolutionary%20heroes%2C%20and%20contributing%20to%20nation%20building%20and%20socialist%20construction.%20With%20the%20implementation%20of%20the%20post-Mao%20modernization%20program%20in%20the%20late%201970s%20and%201980s%20and%20the%20advent%20of%20globalization%20and%20market%20reforms%20in%20the%201990s%2C%20China%20underwent%20a%20radical%20social%20and%20economic%20transformation%20that%20has%20led%20to%20a%20vastly%20more%20heterogeneous%20culture%20and%20polity.%20Yet%20China%20is%20dominated%20by%20a%20single%20Leninist%20party%20that%20continues%20to%20rely%20heavily%20on%20its%20revolutionary%20heritage%20to%20generate%20political%20legitimacy.%20With%20its%20messages%20of%20collectivism%2C%20self-sacrifice%2C%20and%20class%20struggle%2C%20that%20heritage%20is%20increasingly%20at%20odds%20with%20Chinese%20society%20and%20with%20the%20state%5Cu2019s%20own%20neoliberal%20ideology%20of%20rapid-paced%20development%2C%20glorification%20of%20the%20market%2C%20and%20entrepreneurship.%20In%20this%20ambiguous%20political%20environment%2C%20museums%20and%20their%20curators%20must%20negotiate%20between%20revolutionary%20ideology%20and%20new%20kinds%20of%20historical%20narratives%20that%20reflect%20and%20highlight%20a%20neoliberal%20present.%20In%20Exhibiting%20the%20Past%20%2C%20Kirk%20Denton%20analyzes%20types%20of%20museums%20and%20exhibitionary%20spaces%2C%20from%20revolutionary%20history%20museums%2C%20military%20museums%2C%20and%20memorials%20to%20martyrs%20to%20museums%20dedicated%20to%20literature%2C%20ethnic%20minorities%2C%20and%20local%20history.%20He%20discusses%20red%20tourism%5Cu2014a%20state%20sponsored%20program%20developed%20in%202003%20as%20a%20new%20form%20of%20patriotic%20education%20designed%20to%20make%20revolutionary%20history%20come%20alive%5Cu2014and%20urban%20planning%20exhibition%20halls%2C%20which%20project%20utopian%20visions%20of%20China%5Cu2019s%20future%20that%20are%20rooted%20in%20new%20conceptions%20of%20the%20past.%20Denton%5Cu2019s%20method%20is%20narratological%20in%20the%20sense%20that%20he%20analyzes%20the%20stories%20museums%20tell%20about%20the%20past%20and%20the%20political%20and%20ideological%20implications%20of%20those%20stories.%20Focusing%20on%20%5Cu201cofficial%5Cu201d%20exhibitionary%20culture%20rather%20than%20alternative%20or%20counter%20memory%2C%20Denton%20reinserts%20the%20state%20back%20into%20the%20discussion%20of%20postsocialist%20culture%20because%20of%20its%20centrality%20to%20that%20culture%20and%20to%20show%20that%20state%20discourse%20in%20China%20is%20neither%20monolithic%20nor%20unchanging.%20The%20book%20considers%20the%20variety%20of%20ways%20state%20museums%20are%20responding%20to%20the%20dramatic%20social%2C%20technological%2C%20and%20cultural%20changes%20China%20has%20experienced%20over%20the%20past%20three%20decades.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F12%5C%2F31%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.degruyter.com%5C%2Fdocument%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1515%5C%2F9780824840068%5C%2Fhtml%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A10%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UG6Q9Y3N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fang%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-09-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFang%2C%20Kecheng.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BIs%20Cyber-Nationalism%20on%20the%20Rise%20in%20China%3F%26%23x201D%3B%20EchoWall.%20September%2025%2C%202019.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.echo-wall.eu%5C%2Fchinese-whispers%5C%2Fcyber-nationalism-rise-china%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.echo-wall.eu%5C%2Fchinese-whispers%5C%2Fcyber-nationalism-rise-china%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DUG6Q9Y3N%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Is%20Cyber-Nationalism%20on%20the%20Rise%20in%20China%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kecheng%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2225.09.2019%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.echo-wall.eu%5C%2Fchinese-whispers%5C%2Fcyber-nationalism-rise-china%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de_DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A16%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WN8B25TV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Han%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-06-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHan%2C%20Rongbin.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BPatriotism%20without%20State%20Blessing%3A%20Chinese%20Cyber%20Nationalists%20in%20a%20Predicament.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EHandbook%20of%20Protest%20and%20Resistance%20in%20China%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20June.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%5C%2Fview%5C%2Fedcoll%5C%2F9781786433770%5C%2F9781786433770.00036.xml%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%5C%2Fview%5C%2Fedcoll%5C%2F9781786433770%5C%2F9781786433770.00036.xml%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DWN8B25TV%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Patriotism%20without%20state%20blessing%3A%20Chinese%20cyber%20nationalists%20in%20a%20predicament%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rongbin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Han%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%3Cp%3ECyber%20nationalism%20in%20China%20is%20on%20the%20rise%2C%20with%20complex%20implications%20for%20authoritarian%20rule.%20On%20one%20hand%2C%20nationalistic%20netizens%20in%20general%20demonstrate%20pro-regime%20inclinations%20and%20side%20with%20the%20state%20in%20online%20debates.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20popular%20nationalism%20often%20directly%20contests%20the%20state%5Cu2019s%20claims%20to%20nationalist%20legitimacy%20and%20runs%20the%20risk%20of%20collective%20mobilization.%20What%20happens%20when%20a%20nationalistic%20fever%20meets%20the%20authoritarian%20state%3F%20This%20chapter%20explores%20the%20party-state%5Cu2019s%20efforts%20to%20rein%20in%20cyber%20nationalism%20and%20netizens%5Cu2019%20reactions%20by%20examining%20the%20%5Cu201cDiba%20Expedition%5Cu201d%5Cu2014an%20online%20event%20in%20which%20Chinese%20nationalist%20netizens%20flooded%20the%20Facebook%20page%20of%20president-elect%20Tsai%20Ing-wen%20in%20early%202016%20to%20defend%20the%20%5Cu201cOne%20China%5Cu201d%20principle.%20This%20patriotic%20event%20was%20full%20of%20irony%2C%20given%20that%20Facebook%20is%20banned%20in%20China%20and%20the%20party-state%20made%20diligent%20efforts%20to%20censor%20relevant%20mobilizing%20threads.%20Such%20conflict%20between%20spontaneous%20patriotism%20and%20state%20repression%20calls%20into%20question%20both%20the%20legitimacy%20of%20the%20regime%20and%20the%20nature%20of%20Chinese%20nationalism.%20However%2C%20content%20analysis%20of%20posts%20in%20the%20Diba%20Expedition%20finds%20that%20many%20nationalists%20seem%20to%20have%20found%20a%20way%20to%20reconcile%20authoritarian%20rule%20with%20their%20love%20of%20the%20nation.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F06%5C%2F28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en_US%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.elgaronline.com%5C%2Fview%5C%2Fedcoll%5C%2F9781786433770%5C%2F9781786433770.00036.xml%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T12%3A00%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PB3PM6QX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Johnston%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJohnston%2C%20Alastair%20Iain.%202017.%20%26%23x201C%3BIs%20Chinese%20Nationalism%20Rising%3F%20Evidence%20from%20Beijing.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Security%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2041%20%283%29%3A%207%26%23x2013%3B43.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2FISEC_a_00265%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1162%5C%2FISEC_a_00265%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DPB3PM6QX%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Is%20Chinese%20Nationalism%20Rising%3F%20Evidence%20from%20Beijing%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alastair%20Iain%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnston%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F01%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1162%5C%2FISEC_a_00265%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220162-2889%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdirect.mit.edu%5C%2Fisec%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F41%5C%2F3%5C%2F7%5C%2F12154%5C%2FIs-Chinese-Nationalism-Rising-Evidence-from%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A56%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CH4KJPV4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jones%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-01-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJones%2C%20Alisa.%202002.%20%26%23x201C%3BPolitics%20and%20History%20Curriculum%20Reform%20in%20Post-Mao%20China.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Journal%20of%20Educational%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2037%20%286%29%3A%20545%26%23x2013%3B66.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0883-0355%2803%2900050-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0883-0355%2803%2900050-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DCH4KJPV4%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Politics%20and%20history%20curriculum%20reform%20in%20post-Mao%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alisa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20post-Mao%20China%2C%20wide-ranging%20reform%20programmes%20have%20affected%20almost%20every%20sphere%20of%20life.%20History%20education%20has%20been%20no%20exception%2C%20and%20in%20addition%20to%20attempts%20to%20revise%20teaching%2C%20learning%20and%20assessment%20methods%2C%20there%20have%20been%20preliminary%20forays%20into%20textbook%20pluralism%20and%20gradual%20devolution%20of%20curriculum%20development.%20History%20education%20professionals%2C%20however%2C%20are%20fully%20cognisant%20of%20their%20subject%27s%20%5Cu2018sensitivity%5Cu2019%2C%20and%20reforming%20goals%20and%20content%20of%20both%20the%20preactive%20and%20active%20curriculum%20has%20thus%20been%20a%20cautious%20endeavour.%20This%20chapter%20explores%20the%20progress%20of%20reform%20through%20the%20%5Cu2018officially%20authorised%5Cu2019%20historical%20narratives%20and%20teaching%20goals%20specified%20in%20national%20curricula.%20It%20focuses%20primarily%20on%20the%20junior%20secondary%20curriculum%2C%20as%20primary%20school%20History%20has%20recently%20been%20absorbed%20by%20Social%20Studies%2C%20and%20senior%20secondary%20education%20is%20neither%20compulsory%20nor%20universally%20accessible.%20It%20is%20argued%20that%20while%20curriculum%20objectives%20and%20syllabus%20content%20remain%20largely%20circumscribed%20by%20%5Cu2018traditional%5Cu2019%20views%20of%20history%20as%20moral-ideological%20education%20and%20by%20contemporary%20political%20imperatives%2C%20curriculum%20developers%20are%20also%20influenced%20by%20professional%20academic%20and%20pedagogical%20concerns%2C%20and%20by%20efforts%20to%20justify%20the%20status%20of%20History%20in%20an%20increasingly%20crowded%20curriculum.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22January%201%2C%202002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0883-0355%2803%2900050-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220883-0355%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0883035503000508%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A08%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XG3TRXRM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kuo%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-08-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKuo%2C%20Mercy%20A.%202021.%20%26%23x201C%3BChina%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Digital%20Nationalism%20and%20Activism.%26%23x201D%3B%20August%2017%2C%202021.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fthediplomat.com%5C%2F2021%5C%2F08%5C%2Fchinas-digital-nationalism-and-activism%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fthediplomat.com%5C%2F2021%5C%2F08%5C%2Fchinas-digital-nationalism-and-activism%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DXG3TRXRM%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22China%5Cu2019s%20Digital%20Nationalism%20and%20Activism%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mercy%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Insights%20from%20Florian%20Schneider%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2217.08.2021%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fthediplomat.com%5C%2F2021%5C%2F08%5C%2Fchinas-digital-nationalism-and-activism%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T11%3A58%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZH73PV5A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lohse-Friedrich%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-05-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELohse-Friedrich%2C%20Kerstin.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BChinas%20Public%20Diplomacy%20%7C%20Merics.%26%23x201D%3B%20Merics.%20May%207%2C%202019.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmerics.org%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fstudie%5C%2Fchinas-public-diplomacy%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmerics.org%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fstudie%5C%2Fchinas-public-diplomacy%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DZH73PV5A%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chinas%20Public%20Diplomacy%20%7C%20Merics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kerstin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lohse-Friedrich%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Beijing%20reagiert%20seit%202017%20immer%20h%5Cu00e4ufiger%20mit%20Kritik%20auf%20Kommunikationsaktivit%5Cu00e4ten%20internationaler%20Unternehmen%20im%20Ausland%2C%20die%20China%20direkt%20oder%20indirekt%20zum%20Thema%20haben.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2205.07.2019%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmerics.org%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fstudie%5C%2Fchinas-public-diplomacy%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A14%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HQTH8CYY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lu%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELu%2C%20Franka.%202021.%20%26%23x201C%3BDie%20Rache%20der%20Trolle.%26%23x201D%3B%20Zeit%20online.%20January%209%2C%202021.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zeit.de%5C%2Fkultur%5C%2F2021-08%5C%2Fchina-internet-aktivisten-hacker-nationalismus%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zeit.de%5C%2Fkultur%5C%2F2021-08%5C%2Fchina-internet-aktivisten-hacker-nationalismus%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DHQTH8CYY%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20Rache%20der%20Trolle%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Franka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2201.09.2021%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zeit.de%5C%2Fkultur%5C%2F2021-08%5C%2Fchina-internet-aktivisten-hacker-nationalismus%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de_DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A17%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226MJK89PS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Lu%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-11-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ELu%2C%20Franka.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BChinesischer%20Nationalismus%3A%20Blo%26%23xDF%3B%20nicht%20zu%20viel%20Freiheit.%26%23x201D%3B%20Zeit%20online.%20November%2017%2C%202019.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zeit.de%5C%2Fkultur%5C%2F2019-11%5C%2Fchinesischer-nationalismus-patriotismus-china-generation-z%5C%2Fkomplettansicht%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zeit.de%5C%2Fkultur%5C%2F2019-11%5C%2Fchinesischer-nationalismus-patriotismus-china-generation-z%5C%2Fkomplettansicht%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D6MJK89PS%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Chinesischer%20Nationalismus%3A%20Blo%5Cu00df%20nicht%20zu%20viel%20Freiheit%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Franka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2217.11.2019%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zeit.de%5C%2Fkultur%5C%2F2019-11%5C%2Fchinesischer-nationalismus-patriotismus-china-generation-z%5C%2Fkomplettansicht%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de_DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A18%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XAC396F3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Qian%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-03-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EQian%2C%20Licheng%2C%20Bin%20Xu%2C%20and%20Dingding%20Chen.%202017.%20%26%23x201C%3BDoes%20History%20Education%20Promote%20Nationalism%20in%20China%3F%20A%20%26%23x2018%3BLimited%20Effect%26%23x2019%3B%20Explanation.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Contemporary%20China%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2026%20%28104%29%3A%20199%26%23x2013%3B212.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10670564.2016.1223103%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10670564.2016.1223103%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DXAC396F3%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Does%20History%20Education%20Promote%20Nationalism%20in%20China%3F%20A%20%5Cu2018Limited%20Effect%5Cu2019%20Explanation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Licheng%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Qian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dingding%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Most%20studies%20of%20Chinese%20nationalism%20are%20based%20on%20an%20unstated%20and%20unexamined%20assumption%20that%20history%20education%20in%20Chinese%20schools%20can%20effectively%20instill%20the%20official%20memory%20of%20the%20anti-Japanese%20war%20into%20students.%20This%20article%20tests%20this%20assumption%20through%20a%20multi-method%20study%20based%20on%20a%20survey%2C%20a%20textual%20analysis%20and%20qualitative%20interviews%20with%20high%20school%20students%20and%20teachers.%20The%20findings%20show%20that%20history%20education%20%28including%20both%20in-class%20and%20extracurricular%20forms%29%20has%20limited%20effects%20on%20nationalism%20among%20Chinese%20high%20school%20students.%20The%20in-class%20textbook%20education%20is%20largely%20ineffective%20in%20forging%20nationalistic%20sentiments%20among%20students%2C%20whereas%20some%20extracurricular%20activities%2C%20such%20as%20visiting%20the%20%5Cu2018patriotic%20education%20bases%5Cu2019%2C%20have%20limited%20effects.%20The%20limited%20effects%20can%20be%20explained%20by%20four%20factors%3A%20%281%29%20changes%20in%20the%20content%20and%20form%20of%20the%20new%20history%20textbooks%3B%20%282%29%20the%20students%5Cu2019%20and%20teachers%5Cu2019%20actual%20uses%20of%20the%20textbooks%3B%20%283%29%20the%20students%5Cu2019%20cognitive%20and%20emotional%20agency%20in%20receiving%20history%20education%3B%20and%20%284%29%20alternative%20information%20sources%20such%20as%20the%20media%20and%20family%20memory.%20This%20study%20contributes%20to%20the%20understanding%20of%20Chinese%20nationalism%20and%20historical%20memory%20by%20emphasizing%20the%20complexity%20involved%20in%20receiving%20official%20narratives.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017-03-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10670564.2016.1223103%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221067-0564%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10670564.2016.1223103%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-24T12%3A45%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CTEEKV5V%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schneider%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-08-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchneider%2C%20Florian.%202018.%20%3Ci%3EChina%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Digital%20Nationalism%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Oxford%20University%20Press.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DCTEEKV5V%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22China%27s%20Digital%20Nationalism%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schneider%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Nationalism%2C%20in%20China%20as%20much%20as%20elsewhere%2C%20is%20today%20adopted%2C%20filtered%2C%20transformed%2C%20enhanced%2C%20and%20accelerated%20through%20digital%20networks.%20And%20as%20we%20have%20increasingly%20seen%2C%20nationalism%20in%20digital%20spheres%20interacts%20in%20complicated%20ways%20with%20nationalism%20%5C%22on%20the%20ground%5C%22.%20If%20we%20are%20to%20understand%20the%20social%20and%20political%20complexities%20of%20the%20twenty-first%20century%2C%20we%20need%20to%20ask%3A%20what%20happens%20to%20nationalism%20when%20it%20goes%20digital%3F%20In%20China%27s%20Digital%20Nationalism%2C%20Florian%20Schneider%20explores%20the%20issue%20by%20looking%20at%20digital%20China%20first%20hand%2C%20exploring%20what%20search%20engines%2C%20online%20encyclopedias%2C%20websites%2C%20hyperlink%20networks%2C%20and%20social%20media%20can%20tell%20us%20about%20the%20way%20that%20different%20actors%20construct%20and%20manage%20a%20crucial%20topic%20in%20contemporary%20Chinese%20politics%3A%20the%20protracted%20historical%20relationship%20with%20neighbouring%20Japan.%20Using%20two%20cases%2C%20the%20infamous%20Nanjing%20Massacre%20of%201937%20and%20the%20ongoing%20disputes%20over%20islands%20in%20the%20East%20China%20Sea%2C%20Schneider%20shows%20how%20various%20stakeholders%20in%20China%20construct%20networks%20and%20deploy%20power%20to%20shape%20nationalism%20for%20their%20own%20ends.%20These%20dynamics%20provide%20crucial%20lessons%20on%20how%20nation%20states%20adapt%20to%20the%20shifting%20terrain%20of%20the%20digital%20age%20and%20highlight%20how%20digital%20nationalism%20is%20today%20an%20emergent%20property%20of%20complex%20communication%20networks.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-08-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-19-087682-1%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T11%3A59%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AMIELGRA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Trausch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ETrausch%2C%20Tim.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BDie%20Popularisierung%20des%20Politischen%20und%20die%20Aktualisierung%20nationaler%20Mythen%20im%20Main-Melody-Film.%26%23x201D%3B%20In%20%3Ci%3EPolitiken%20des%20Popul%26%23xE4%3Bren%3A%20Medien%20%26%23x2013%3B%20Kultur%20%26%23x2013%3B%20Wissenschaft%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20edited%20by%20Ivo%20Ritzer%20and%20Harald%20Steinwender%2C%20141%26%23x2013%3B61.%20Neue%20Perspektiven%20der%20Medien%26%23xE4%3Bsthetik.%20Wiesbaden%3A%20Springer%20Fachmedien.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-658-22923-8_7%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-658-22923-8_7%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DAMIELGRA%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Die%20Popularisierung%20des%20Politischen%20und%20die%20Aktualisierung%20nationaler%20Mythen%20im%20Main-Melody-Film%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trausch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ivo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ritzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harald%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steinwender%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Tim%20Trausch%20untersucht%20in%20%5Cu201eDie%20Popularisierung%20des%20Politischen%20und%20die%20Aktualisierung%20nationaler%20Mythen%20im%20Main-Melody-Film%5Cu201c%20Strategien%20der%20Globalisierung%2C%20Kommerzialisierung%20und%20Popularisierung%20des%20als%20Manifestation%20und%20Kommunikation%20von%20%5Cu201eMainstream-Ideologie%5Cu201c%20angelegten%20chinesischen%20Main-Melody-Films.%20Trausch%20zeichnet%20nach%2C%20wie%20die%20im%20sich%20ausdifferenzierenden%20Konsum-%20und%20Unterhaltungsangebot%20der%20Volksrepublik%20China%20Ende%20des%2020.%20Jahrhunderts%20gepr%5Cu00e4gte%20Kategorie%20zun%5Cu00e4chst%20als%20Relikt%20sozialistischer%20P%5Cu00e4dagogik%20erschien.%20Doch%20so%20wie%20sich%20die%20ideologischen%20Leitlinien%20der%20Volksrepublik%20%5Cu2013%20etwa%20mit%20der%20%28sp%5Cu00e4t-%29kapitalistischen%20Ausrichtung%20im%20%5Cu201eSozialismus%20chinesischer%20Pr%5Cu00e4gung%5Cu201c%20%5Cu2013%20als%20flexibel%20erwiesen%2C%20so%20sollte%20sich%20auch%20der%20regierungsnahe%20Main-Melody-Film%20zunehmend%20Strategien%20jener%20filmischen%20Unterhaltungskulturen%20aneignen%2C%20zu%20denen%20er%20zun%5Cu00e4chst%20in%20diametraler%20Opposition%20gedacht%20war.%20Trauschs%20Close%20Reading%20der%20als%20Vertreter%20der%20Kategorie%20geltenden%20Produktionen%20On%20the%20Mountain%20of%20Taihang%20%28Taihang%20shan%20shang%3B%202005%29%2C%20The%20First%20of%20August%20%28Ba%20yue%20yi%20ri%3B%202007%29%20und%20The%20Founding%20of%20a%20Republic%20%28Jianguo%20daye%3B%202009%29%20zeigt%20auf%2C%20wie%20im%20Main-Melody-Film%20unter%20den%20%5Cu00e4sthetischen%20und%20kommerziellen%20Bedingungen%20der%20Globalisierungsprozesse%20sowie%20sich%20wandelnden%20Diskursanordnungen%20und%20Mediendispositive%20des%2021.%20Jahrhunderts%20nationalkulturelle%20Mythen%20in%20einem%20kontinuierlichen%20Prozess%20der%20Assimilation%20aktualisiert%20werden.%20Jener%20Prozess%20offenbart%20die%20wechselseitige%20Durchdringung%20des%20Politischen%20und%20des%20Popul%5Cu00e4ren.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Politiken%20des%20Popul%5Cu00e4ren%3A%20Medien%20%5Cu2013%20Kultur%20%5Cu2013%20Wissenschaft%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-3-658-22923-8%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2F978-3-658-22923-8_7%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A11%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225V7H2HGZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22von%20Hein%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-07-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHein%2C%20Matthias%20von.%202018.%20%26%23x201C%3BXi%20Jinping%20und%20der%20%26%23x2018%3BChinesische%20Traum.%26%23x2019%3B%26%23x201D%3B%20Deutsche%20Welle.%20July%205%2C%202018.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.dw.com%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fxi-jinping-und-der-chinesische-traum%5C%2Fa-43545156%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.dw.com%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fxi-jinping-und-der-chinesische-traum%5C%2Fa-43545156%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D5V7H2HGZ%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Xi%20Jinping%20und%20der%20%5C%22Chinesische%20Traum%5C%22%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22von%20Hein%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207.05.2018%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.dw.com%5C%2Fde%5C%2Fxi-jinping-und-der-chinesische-traum%5C%2Fa-43545156%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de_DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T09%3A58%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DBMYMGMH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wang%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWang%2C%20Zheng.%202008.%20%26%23x201C%3BNational%20Humiliation%2C%20History%20Education%2C%20and%20the%20Politics%20of%20Historical%20Memory%3A%20Patriotic%20Education%20Campaign%20in%20China.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20Studies%20Quarterly%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2052%20%284%29%3A%20783%26%23x2013%3B806.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F29734264%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F29734264%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DDBMYMGMH%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22National%20Humiliation%2C%20History%20Education%2C%20and%20the%20Politics%20of%20Historical%20Memory%3A%20Patriotic%20Education%20Campaign%20in%20China%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20manuscript%20explores%20the%20state%27s%20political%20use%20of%20the%20past%20and%20the%20function%20of%20history%20education%20in%20political%20transition%20and%20foreign%20relations.%20Modern%20historical%20consciousness%20in%20China%20is%20largely%20characterized%20by%20the%20%5C%22one%20hundred%20years%20of%20humiliation%5C%22%20from%20mid-1800s%20to%20mid-1900s%20when%20China%20was%20attacked%2C%20bullied%2C%20and%20torn%20asunder%20by%20imperialists.%20This%20research%20focuses%20initially%20on%20how%20such%20historical%20memory%20has%20been%20reinforced%20by%20the%20current%20regime%27s%20educational%20socialization%20through%20the%20national%20%5C%22Patriotic%20Education%20Campaign%5C%22%20after%201991.%20It%20then%20explores%20the%20impact%20of%20this%20institutionalized%20historical%20consciousness%20on%20the%20formation%20of%20national%20identity%20and%20foreign%20relations.%20This%20study%20suggests%20that%2C%20even%20though%20existing%20theories%20and%20literature%20illuminate%20certain%20aspects%20of%20China%27s%20political%20transition%20and%20foreign%20affairs%20behavior%2C%20a%20full%20explanatory%20picture%20emerges%20only%20after%20these%20phenomena%20and%20actions%20are%20analyzed%20through%20the%20%5C%22lenses%5C%22%20of%20history%20and%20memory.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220020-8833%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jstor.org%5C%2Fstable%5C%2F29734264%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A03%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223UNI84X5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wang%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWang%2C%20Zheng.%202012.%20%3Ci%3ENever%20Forget%20National%20Humiliation%3A%20Historical%20Memory%20in%20Chinese%20Politics%20and%20Foreign%20Relations%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20Columbia%20University%20Press.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3UNI84X5%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Never%20Forget%20National%20Humiliation%3A%20Historical%20Memory%20in%20Chinese%20Politics%20and%20Foreign%20Relations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22How%20could%20the%20Chinese%20Communist%20Party%20%28CCP%29%20not%20only%20survive%20but%20even%20thrive%2C%20regaining%20the%20support%20of%20many%20Chinese%20citizens%20after%20the%20Tiananmen%20Square%20crackdown%20of%201989%3F%20Why%20has%20popular%20sentiment%20turned%20toward%20anti-Western%20nationalism%20despite%20the%20anti-dictatorship%20democratic%20movements%20of%20the%201980s%3F%20And%20why%20has%20China%20been%20more%20assertive%20toward%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Japan%20in%20foreign%20policy%20but%20relatively%20conciliatory%20toward%20smaller%20countries%20in%20conflict%3FOffering%20an%20explanation%20for%20these%20unexpected%20trends%2C%20Zheng%20Wang%20follows%20the%20Communist%20government%27s%20ideological%20reeducation%20of%20the%20public%2C%20which%20relentlessly%20portrays%20China%20as%20the%20victim%20of%20foreign%20imperialist%20bullying%20during%20%5C%22one%20hundred%20years%20of%20humiliation.%5C%22%20By%20concentrating%20on%20the%20telling%20and%20teaching%20of%20history%20in%20today%27s%20China%2C%20Wang%20illuminates%20the%20thinking%20of%20the%20young%20patriots%20who%20will%20lead%20this%20rising%20power%20in%20the%20twenty-first%20century.Wang%20visits%20China%27s%20primary%20schools%20and%20memory%20sites%20and%20reads%20its%20history%20textbooks%2C%20arguing%20that%20China%27s%20rise%20should%20not%20be%20viewed%20through%20a%20single%20lens%2C%20such%20as%20economics%20or%20military%20growth%2C%20but%20from%20a%20more%20comprehensive%20perspective%20that%20takes%20national%20identity%20and%20domestic%20discourse%20into%20account.%20Since%20it%20is%20the%20prime%20raw%20material%20for%20constructing%20China%27s%20national%20identity%2C%20historical%20memory%20is%20the%20key%20to%20unlocking%20the%20inner%20mystery%20of%20the%20Chinese.%20From%20this%20vantage%20point%2C%20Wang%20tracks%20the%20CCP%27s%20use%20of%20history%20education%20to%20glorify%20the%20party%2C%20reestablish%20its%20legitimacy%2C%20consolidate%20national%20identity%2C%20and%20justify%20one-party%20rule%20in%20the%20post-Tiananmen%20and%20post%5Cu2013Cold%20War%20era.%20The%20institutionalization%20of%20this%20manipulated%20historical%20consciousness%20now%20directs%20political%20discourse%20and%20foreign%20policy%2C%20and%20Wang%20demonstrates%20its%20important%20role%20in%20China%27s%20rise.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012-07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-231-52016-4%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A04%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223945RVY2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Weiss%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-09-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWeiss%2C%20Jessica%20Chen.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3BHow%20Hawkish%20Is%20the%20Chinese%20Public%3F%20Another%20Look%20at%20%26%23x2018%3BRising%20Nationalism%26%23x2019%3B%20and%20Chinese%20Foreign%20Policy.%26%23x201D%3B%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Contemporary%20China%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2028%20%28119%29%3A%20679%26%23x2013%3B95.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10670564.2019.1580427%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10670564.2019.1580427%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3945RVY2%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20Hawkish%20Is%20the%20Chinese%20Public%3F%20Another%20Look%20at%20%5Cu201cRising%20Nationalism%5Cu201d%20and%20Chinese%20Foreign%20Policy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%20Chen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Chinese%20leaders%20often%20invoke%20the%20feelings%20of%20the%20Chinese%20people%20in%20international%20disputes.%20However%2C%20most%20survey%20research%20on%20Chinese%20public%20opinion%20on%20international%20affairs%20has%20looked%20at%20measures%20of%20nationalist%20identity%20rather%20than%20beliefs%20about%20foreign%20policy%20and%20evaluations%20of%20the%20government%5Cu2019s%20performance.%20Five%20surveys%20of%20Chinese%20citizens%2C%20netizens%2C%20and%20elites%20help%20illuminate%20the%20attitudes%20that%20the%20Chinese%20government%20grapples%20with%20in%20managing%20international%20security%20policy.%20The%20results%20suggest%20that%20Chinese%20attitudes%20are%20more%20hawkish%20than%20dovish%20and%20that%20younger%20Chinese%2C%20while%20perhaps%20not%20more%20nationalist%20in%20identity%2C%20may%20be%20more%20hawkish%20in%20their%20foreign%20policy%20beliefs%20than%20older%20generations.%20Netizens%20and%20elites%20are%20even%20more%20inclined%20to%20call%20on%20the%20Chinese%20government%20to%20invest%20in%20and%20rely%20more%20on%20military%20strength.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22September%203%2C%202019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10670564.2019.1580427%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221067-0564%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10670564.2019.1580427%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A58%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BXASA6UG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Yue%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-01-22%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EYue%2C%20Ye.%202019.%20%26%23x201C%3B%26%23x201E%3BDie%20gro%26%23xDF%3Be%20Wiederbelebung%26%23x201C%3B%3A%20Chinas%20junge%20Nationalist%5C%2Finnen.%26%23x201D%3B%20Heinrich%20B%26%23xF6%3Bll%20Stiftung.%20January%2022%2C%202019.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.boell.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2F2019%5C%2F01%5C%2F18%5C%2Fdie-grosse-wiederbelebung-chinas-junge-nationalistinnen%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.boell.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2F2019%5C%2F01%5C%2F18%5C%2Fdie-grosse-wiederbelebung-chinas-junge-nationalistinnen%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3DBXASA6UG%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22%5Cu201eDie%20gro%5Cu00dfe%20Wiederbelebung%5Cu201c%3A%20Chinas%20junge%20Nationalist%5C%2Finnen%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ye%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yue%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2222.01.2019%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.boell.de%5C%2Fde%5C%2F2019%5C%2F01%5C%2F18%5C%2Fdie-grosse-wiederbelebung-chinas-junge-nationalistinnen%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22de_DE%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222021-10-11T10%3A20%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223BTVWUN3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2596022%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zou%20and%20Huang%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-08-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZou%2C%20Kay%2C%20and%20Kathy%20Huang.%202023.%20%26%23x201C%3BChina%26%23x2019%3Bs%20New%20Patriotic%20Education%20Law%20Reveals%20Xi%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Deepest%20Fears%20for%20the%20Future.%26%23x201D%3B%20The%20China%20Project.%20August%201%2C%202023.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fthechinaproject.com%5C%2F2023%5C%2F08%5C%2F01%5C%2Fchinas-new-patriotic-education-law-reveals-xis-deepest-fears-for-the-future%5C%2F%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fthechinaproject.com%5C%2F2023%5C%2F08%5C%2F01%5C%2Fchinas-new-patriotic-education-law-reveals-xis-deepest-fears-for-the-future%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%20%3Ca%20title%3D%27Cite%20in%20RIS%20Format%27%20class%3D%27zp-CiteRIS%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.china-schul-akademie.de%5C%2Fwp-content%5C%2Fplugins%5C%2Fzotpress%5C%2Flib%5C%2Frequest%5C%2Frequest.cite.php%3Fapi_user_id%3D2596022%26amp%3Bitem_key%3D3BTVWUN3%27%3EZitieren%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22China%5Cu2019s%20new%20Patriotic%20Education%20Law%20reveals%20Xi%5Cu2019s%20deepest%20fears%20for%20the%20future%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kay%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kathy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22China%20is%20attempting%20to%20codify%20patriotic%20education%20practices%20into%20law%2C%20with%20extensive%20reach.%20When%20passed%2C%20the%20implications%20will%20extend%20beyond%20its%20borders.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-08-01T05%3A15%3A46%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fthechinaproject.com%5C%2F2023%5C%2F08%5C%2F01%5C%2Fchinas-new-patriotic-education-law-reveals-xis-deepest-fears-for-the-future%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22NCUZXPE6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-09-24T12%3A57%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D Creemers, Rogier. 2015. “The Pivot in Chinese Cybergovernance. Integrating Internet Control in
Xi Jinping’s China.”
China Perspectives 2015 (2015/4): 5–13.
https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.6835.
Zitieren Denton, Kirk A. 2013.
Exhibiting the Past. University of Hawaii Press.
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780824840068/html.
Zitieren Fang, Kecheng. 2019. “Is Cyber-Nationalism on the Rise in China?” EchoWall. September 25, 2019.
https://www.echo-wall.eu/chinese-whispers/cyber-nationalism-rise-china.
Zitieren Han, Rongbin. 2019. “Patriotism without State Blessing: Chinese Cyber Nationalists in a Predicament.”
Handbook of Protest and Resistance in China, June.
https://www.elgaronline.com/view/edcoll/9781786433770/9781786433770.00036.xml.
Zitieren Johnston, Alastair Iain. 2017. “Is Chinese Nationalism Rising? Evidence from Beijing.”
International Security 41 (3): 7–43.
https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00265.
Zitieren Jones, Alisa. 2002. “Politics and History Curriculum Reform in Post-Mao China.”
International Journal of Educational Research 37 (6): 545–66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(03)00050-8.
Zitieren Kuo, Mercy A. 2021. “China’s Digital Nationalism and Activism.” August 17, 2021.
https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/chinas-digital-nationalism-and-activism/.
Zitieren Lohse-Friedrich, Kerstin. 2019. “Chinas Public Diplomacy | Merics.” Merics. May 7, 2019.
https://merics.org/de/studie/chinas-public-diplomacy.
Zitieren Qian, Licheng, Bin Xu, and Dingding Chen. 2017. “Does History Education Promote Nationalism in China? A ‘Limited Effect’ Explanation.”
Journal of Contemporary China 26 (104): 199–212.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1223103.
Zitieren Schneider, Florian. 2018.
China’s Digital Nationalism. Oxford University Press.
Zitieren Trausch, Tim. 2019. “Die Popularisierung des Politischen und die Aktualisierung nationaler Mythen im Main-Melody-Film.” In
Politiken des Populären: Medien – Kultur – Wissenschaft, edited by Ivo Ritzer and Harald Steinwender, 141–61. Neue Perspektiven der Medienästhetik. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-22923-8_7.
Zitieren Hein, Matthias von. 2018. “
Xi Jinping und der ‘Chinesische Traum.’” Deutsche Welle. July 5, 2018.
https://www.dw.com/de/xi-jinping-und-der-chinesische-traum/a-43545156.
Zitieren Wang, Zheng. 2008. “National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China.”
International Studies Quarterly 52 (4): 783–806.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/29734264.
Zitieren Wang, Zheng. 2012.
Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations. Columbia University Press.
Zitieren Weiss, Jessica Chen. 2019. “How Hawkish Is the Chinese Public? Another Look at ‘Rising Nationalism’ and Chinese Foreign Policy.”
Journal of Contemporary China 28 (119): 679–95.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2019.1580427.
Zitieren Zou, Kay, and Kathy Huang. 2023. “China’s New Patriotic Education Law Reveals Xi’s Deepest Fears for the Future.” The China Project. August 1, 2023.
https://thechinaproject.com/2023/08/01/chinas-new-patriotic-education-law-reveals-xis-deepest-fears-for-the-future/.
Zitieren