Link zum Material: https://www.china-schul-akademie.de/materialien/m-zensur-m1-1
Autor | Titel | Datum | Objektbeschreibung | Rechte | Einordnung |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urheber*in: Odila Schröder | Titel: Collage: Webseiten und Apps in der VR China | Entstehungsdatum und -ort: 05.12.2023 | Objektbeschreibung: Collage | Rechte der Logos:
Baidu: https:://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Baidu-logo.svg Douyin/Tiktok: https:://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douyin_logo.svg Facebook: https:://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Facebook_Logo_%282019%29.png Google: https:://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Google_2015_logo.svg Instagram: https:://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Instagram_logo_2022.svg Temu: https:://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temu_logo.svg WeChat: https:://uxwing.com/wechat-app-icon/ Wikipedia/Wikimedia: https:://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg YouTube: https:://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:YouTube_logo_%282017%29.png | Einordnungstext: Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Google und Tiktok gehören zu den in Deutschland, Europa und den USA am häufigsten genutzten Webseiten und Apps. Douyin, WeChat und Baidu gehören heute zu den in der VR China am meisten genutzten Apps. Tiktok/Douyin wurde von der chinesischen Firma ByteDance entwickelt. Der Online-Marktplatz Temu wurde zwar in den USA gegründet, ist jedoch ein Tochterunternehmen der in China erfolgreichen E-Commerce-Plattform Pinduoduo 拼多多 (PDD Holdings Inc.) und verzeichnete im Jahr 2023 enormen Zuwachs an Kunden. Facebook und YouTube waren bis 2009 in China zugänglich, Google bemühte sich zwischen 2007 und 2010 mit google.cn ein Angebot für chinesische Nutzer:innen zu schaffen, lenkt Anfragen aber seit 2010 auf Server in Hongkong um und ist seit 2014 unzugänglich. Insbesondere Mitte der 2000er Jahre wurden die Aktivitäten von Internet-Firmen aus den USA in China kontrovers diskutiert: Firmen hielten sich an geltenden Vorschriften zur Zensur und schränkten z.B. Suchergebnisse ein. Da die Vorgaben vage formuliert und Firmen angehalten sind Selbstzensur vorzunehmen kam u.a. Google für „vorauseilenden Gehorsam“ bzw. die Priorisierung kommerzieller Interessen über das Prinzip der Pressefreiheit in die Kritik. Yahoo lieferte sogar die persönliche Daten einer Person, die sich regierungskritisch geäußert hatte, an die chinesische Regierung. Wikipedia ist in China teilweise zugänglich – die deutsche Version etwa kann aktuell aufgerufen werden. Unzugänglich sind jedoch Seiten zu in China als sensibel eingestuften Themen. Nicht zugänglich sind also aktuell in der VR China: Instagram, Tiktok, Youtube, Facebook, Google und Temu. Wikipedia ist, je nach Sprache und Seiteninhalten, teilweise zugänglich. Tiktok und Temu haben zwar Mutterfirmen in der VR China, für chinesische Nutzer*innen sind jedoch nur die chinesischen Äquivalente Douyin 抖音 und Pinduoduo 拼多多 zugänglich. (Odila Schröder, 11.01.2024) Verwendete Literatur
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Das vierseitige Informationspapier der Stiftung Asienhaus beleuchtet die BRI aus der Perspektive von Nichtregierungs-Organisationen. Es kritisiert die Diskrepanz zwischen chinesischen Zusagen und der Art und Weise, wie Projekte umgesetzt werden. Besonders wird die Asiatische Infrastruktur-Investitionsbank (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, AIIB) beleuchtet. Die in Essen ansässige Stiftung Asienhaus ist eine gemeinnützige Stiftung und bildet ein Netzwerk von Nichtregierungsorganisationen mit Bezug zu Asien. Sie arbeitet seit vielen Jahren auch mit chinesischen zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen zusammen. China-Programm der Stiftung Asienhaus, Hrsg. 2017. Wohin führen die Neuen Seidenstraßen? Chinas „Belt and Road Initiative“. Köln: China-Programm der Stiftung Asienhaus. http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/4059/. Zitieren
China-Programm/Stiftung Asienhaus und chinadialogue, Hrsg. 2018. Silk road bottom-up: Regionale Perspektiven auf die ›Belt and Road Initiative‹. Köln: China-Programm/Stiftung Asienhaus. https://www.asienhaus.de/fileadmin/_migrated/news_uploads/Regionale_Perspektiven_auf_die_Silk_and_Road_Initiative_01.pdf (zugegriffen: 30. November 2021). Zitieren
Dreher, Axel, Andreas Fuchs, Bradley Parks, Austin M. Strange und Michael J. Tierney. 2017. Aid, China, and Growth: Evidence from a New Global Development Finance Dataset. AidData Working Paper, Nr. 46 (Oktober). Zitieren
Frankopan, Peter. 2019. Die neuen Seidenstraßen: Gegenwart und Zukunft unserer Welt. Übers. von Henning Thies. Berlin: Rowohlt. Zitieren
Frankopan, Peter. 2018. The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World. Bloomsbury Publishing. Zitieren
Fuchs, Andreas, Brad Parks, Richard Bluhm, Axel Dreher, Austin M. Strange und Michael J. Tierney. 2018. Belt and Road Projects. Direct Chinese Investment to All Corners of the Globe. What Are the Local Impacts? Kiel Focus. https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/kiel-focus/2018/belt-and-road-projects-direct-chinese-investment-to-all-corners-of-the-globe-what-are-the-local-impacts-11695/ (zugegriffen: 30. April 2019). Zitieren
Garlick, Jeremy. 2021. The Impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Zitieren
Godehard, Nadine. 2014. Chinas „neue“ Seidenstraßeninitiative. Regionale Nachbarschaft als Kern der chinesischen Außenpolitik unter Xi Jinping. SWP-Studien, Nr. S 09 (Juni). http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2014_S09_gdh.pdf (zugegriffen: 24. Juni 2015). Zitieren
He, Alex. 2019. The Belt and Road Initiative. Motivations, Financing, Expantion and Challenges of Xi’s Ever-expanding Strategy. CIGI Papers, Nr. 225 (September). https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/no.225.pdf. Zitieren
He, Baogang. 2019. The Domestic Politics of the Belt and Road Initiative and its Implications. Journal of Contemporary China 28, Nr. 116 (4. März): 180–195. doi:10.1080/10670564.2018.1511391, https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1511391 (zugegriffen: 30. April 2019). Zitieren
Heilmann, Sebastian. 2008. Policy Experimentation in China’s Economic Rise. Studies in Comparative International Development 43, Nr. 1: 1–26. doi:10.1007/s12116-007-9014-4, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-007-9014-4 (zugegriffen: 7. März 2020). Zitieren
Heilmann, Sebastian. und Elizabeth J. Perry. 2011. Mao’s Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center : Distributed by Harvard University Press. Zitieren
Hernig, Marcus. 2018. Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße: Der Weg des chinesischen Drachens ins Herz Europas. Zitieren
Hillman, Jonathan E. 2018. How Big Is China’s Belt and Road? CSIS. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 4. März. https://www.csis.org/analysis/how-big-chinas-belt-and-road (zugegriffen: 30. November 2021). Zitieren
Hoering, Uwe. 2018. Der Lange Marsch 2.0: Chinas Neue Seidenstraßen als Entwicklungsmodell. Zitieren
Horn, Sebastian, Carmen Reinhart und Christoph Trebesch. 2019. China’s Overseas Lending, Nr. 2132 (Juni). https://www.ifw-kiel.de/publications/kiel-working-papers/chinas-overseas-lending-12820/ (zugegriffen: 1. November 2019). Zitieren
Hurley, John, Scott Morris und Gailyn Portelance. 2018. Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective. CGD Policy Paper, Nr. 121 (März). https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf (zugegriffen: 30. April 2019). Zitieren
Unsere Analyse kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass es unwahrscheinlich ist, dass die Neue Seidenstraßen-Initiative ein systemisches Verschuldungsproblem in den Schwerpunktregionen der Initiative verursachen wird. Hussain, Ejaz. 2017. China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: Will It Sustain Itself? Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 10, Nr. 2 (1. Juni): 145–159. doi:10.1007/s40647-016-0143-x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-016-0143-x (zugegriffen: 29. November 2021). Zitieren
Hwang, Jyhjong, Deborah Brautigam und Janet Eom. 2016. How Chinese Money is Transforming Africa: It’s Not What You Think. SAIS-CARI Policy Brief, Nr. 11. http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/571a2daf20c64744b887cf7c/1461333522495/China+Africa+Loans+Briefing+Paper_SAIS+CARi.pdf (zugegriffen: 26. Juli 2016). Zitieren
Jones, Lee und Shahar Hameiri. 2020. Debunking the Myth of ‘Debt-trap Diplomacy’. Chatham House Research Paper (August). https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2020-08-25-debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy-jones-hameiri.pdf (zugegriffen: 18. Oktober 2020). Zitieren
Dieses Kapitel widerlegt die Behauptungen, dass es sich bei dem Hafen von Hambantota um einen Fall von Schuldenfalle-Diplomatie handelt. Der Vorschlag für die Verpachtung des Hafen kam nicht von China. Dieses Vorhaben wurde vor allem von srilankischen Akteuren und ihren eigenen innenpolitischen Motivationen vorangetrieben, mit einem gewissen Beteiligung eines chinesischen Staatsunternehmens mit kommerziellen Motiven. Sri Lankas Schuldenfalle war in erster Linie das Ergebnis innenpolitischer Entscheidungen und sie wurde durch die westliche Kredit- und Geldpolitik begünstigt, nicht durch die Politik der chinesischen Regierung. Chinas Hilfe für Sri Lanka bestand in der Erleichterung von Investitionen, nicht in einem Tausch von Schulden gegen Vermögenswerte. Die Geschichte des Hambantota-Hafens ist in Wirklichkeit eine Geschichte von politischer und wirtschaftlicher Inkompetenz, die durch laxe Regierungsführung und unzureichendes Risikomanagement auf beiden Seiten begünstigt wurde. [Originaltext] Jones, Lee und Jinghan Zeng. 2019. Understanding China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: beyond ‘grand strategy’ to a state transformation analysis. Third World Quarterly 40, Nr. 8 (3. August): 1415–1439. doi:10.1080/01436597.2018.1559046, https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1559046 (zugegriffen: 29. November 2021). Zitieren
Li, Yining und Yifu Lin. 2020. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): A New Chapter in Globalization. Royal Collins Publishing Company. Zitieren
Lin, Justin Yifu und Yan Wang. 2017. Going Beyond Aid: Development Cooperation for Structural Transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/going-beyond-aid/B48F59C6D8D2790D403A1A0C44B37612 (zugegriffen: 30. November 2021). Zitieren
Lu, Hui, Charlene Rohr, Marco Hafner und Anna Knack. 2018. China Belt and Road Initiative. Measuring the impact of improving transportation connectivity on trade in the region. RAND Corporation. doi:https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2625, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2625.html (zugegriffen: 30. April 2019). Zitieren
Maçães, Bruno. 2020. Belt and Road: A Chinese World Order. Zitieren
Malik, Ammar A。, Bradley Parks, Brooke Russel, Joyce Jiahui Lin, Katherine Walsh, Kyra Solomon, Sheng Zhang, Thai-Binh Elston und Seth Goodman. 2021. Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William & Mary. https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road (zugegriffen: 29. Oktober 2021). Zitieren
Meng, Qingwei und Eugene Bempong Nyantakyi. 2019. Local Skill Development from China’s Engagement in Africa: Comparative Evidence from the Construction Sector in Ghana. SAIS-CARI Working Paper, Nr. 30 (Januar). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/5cdc2a3be79c70bc2cb9f1d0/1557932603882/WP-22-Meng-and-Nyantakyi-Local-Skill-Development.pdf. Zitieren
NDRC, MFA und MOFCOM. 2015. Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. https://www-1pkulaw-1com-100991ax20175.erf.sbb.spk-berlin.de/en_whitepapers/2178de0ac1661e3b19ce50e03a21d464bdfb.html (zugegriffen: 2. Februar 2020). Zitieren
Pantucci, Raffaello. 2019. China in Central Asia: The First Strand of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Asian Affairs 50, Nr. 2 (15. März): 202–215. doi:10.1080/03068374.2019.1622930, https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2019.1622930 (zugegriffen: 24. November 2019). Zitieren
Rolland, Nadège. 2017. China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative. Zitieren
Rudolf, Moritz. 2021. Belt And Road Initiative, The: Implications For The International Order. Zitieren
Small, Andrew. 2020. Returning to the Shadows: China, Pakistan, and the Fate of CPEC, Nr. 16: 59. Zitieren
Tang, Xiaoyang. 2019. The Impact of Chinese Investment on Skill Development and Technology Transfer in Zambia and Malawi’s Cotton Sector. SAIS-CARI Working Paper, Nr. 23 (Januar). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/5cdc2a560d9297d018387c29/1557932631542/WP-2-2019-Tang-Zambia-Malawi-Cotton.pdf. Zitieren
van der Kley, Dirk. 2020. Chinese Companies’ Localization in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Problems of Post-Communism 67, Nr. 3 (3. Mai): 241–250. doi:10.1080/10758216.2020.1755314, https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2020.1755314 (zugegriffen: 29. November 2021). Zitieren
Vangeli, Anastas. 2018. Global China and Symbolic Power: The Case of 16 + 1 Cooperation. Journal of Contemporary China 27, Nr. 113 (3. September): 674–687. doi:10.1080/10670564.2018.1458056, https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1458056 (zugegriffen: 29. November 2021). Zitieren
WDR. 2021. Wege zur Macht – Chinas neue Seidenstraße. 20. Juni. https://www.planet-wissen.de/gesellschaft/wirtschaft/neue_seidenstrasse/index.html (zugegriffen: 30. November 2021). Zitieren
Xi, Jinping. 2019. The Belt and Road Initiative. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. Zitieren
Yilmaz, Serafettin und Changming Liu. 2018. China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Strategy in Eurasia and Euro-Atlanticism. Europe-Asia Studies 70, Nr. 2 (7. Februar): 252–276. doi:10.1080/09668136.2018.1435777, https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1435777 (zugegriffen: 29. November 2021). Zitieren
Zeng, Jinghan. 2021. Slogan Politics: Understanding Chinese Foreign Policy Concepts. Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan. Zitieren
Zhou Hang. 2018. China-Britain-Uganda: Trilateral Development Cooperation in Agriculture. SAIS-CARI Working Paper, Nr. 28. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5652847de4b033f56d2bdc29/t/5bc931baf4e1fcdc40070720/1539913700506/Policy+Brief+28-+TDC+Uganda+-+Zhou+Hang.pdf. Zitieren
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