Wer regiert China? Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik
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Lerneinheit 1: Die Volksrepublik China als Meritokratie in den Medien2 Materialien|4 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 2: Chinas kaiserzeitliches Beamtenprüfungssystem3 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 3: Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik China2 Materialien|3 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 4: Datenmanipulation und Machtmonopolisierung2 Materialien|5 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 5: Zufriedenheit und Stabilität2 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 6: Diskussion1 Aufgabe
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Ergänzende Materialien3 Materialien
M5.1: Zufriedenheit und Demokratieverständnis
Wie zufrieden sind die Bürger*innen der Volksrepublik China (VR China) mit ihrer Regierung? Strebt die Bevölkerung der VR China nach Demokratie oder präferiert sie eine von Expert*innen geführte Regierung?
Zur Einsicht detaillierter Quellenangaben sowie weiterführender Informationen und Literaturhinweise zum Material besuchen Sie bitte die Plattform ChinaPerspektiven. [https://www.china-schul-akademie.de/materialien/m-wrc-m5-1/]
Weiterführende Informationen
Autor | Titel | Datum | Bildrechte | Objektbeschreibung | Einordnung |
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Autor*in: Odila Schröder | Titel: Zufriedenheit und Demokratieverständnis der Bevölkerung der Volksrepublik China | Datum: 28.06.2021 | Rechte: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | Objektbeschreibung: Diagramm und Hintergrundinformationen zur Zufriedenheit der Bevölkerung der Volksrepublik China mit der Regierung des Landes. | Einordnung: Die Daten zur Zufriedenheit in Abhängigkeit von der Regierungsebene stammen aus einem Report des Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation (Zentrum für Demokratische Regierung und Innovation) der Harvard Kennedy School: „Understanding CCP Resilience: Surveying Chinese Public Opinion Through Time” (die Stabilität der KPCh verstehen: Eine Erhebung der öffentlichen Meinung der chinesischen Bevölkerung) (Cunningham, Saich, und Turiel 2020, 2–3). Alle weiteren Daten stammen aus dem World Values Survey (Haerpfer u. a. 2020), einer regelmäßig durchgeführten, großangelegten Studie. Die hier dargestellten Daten wurden zwischen Juli und Oktober 2018 vom Center for Public Opinion Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Zentrum für Meinungsforschung der Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue 上海交通大学)) unter der Leitung von Yang Zhong erhoben (Yang 2018). Dabei wurden die auf Chinesisch gestellten Fragen in Anlehnung an die Formulierungen der in Deutschland gestellten Fragen rückübersetzt. Die Rundung von Nachkommastellen im World Values Survey führt teilweise zu einer Summe von leicht unter 100%. Während Umfrageergebnisse die hohe Zufriedenheit der Bevölkerung mit der Zentralregierung immer wieder bestätigen, werden Erhebungsmethoden, Aussagekraft, Implikationen und Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse kontrovers diskutiert. Die von Forschern und Experten für Meinungsumfragen in China vorgelegte Studie des Ash Center zur Zufriedenheit der chinesischen Bevölkerung mit der Regierung der Volksrepublik China (VR China) auf Zentral- und Lokalebene zwischen 2003-2016 ist die langfristigste unabhängige Studie dieser Art. Ähnliche Ergebnisse haben andere Studien ergeben: So zum Beispiel das Asian Barometer Survey, eine Studie, die seit 2001 regelmäßig am Hu Fu Center für East Asia Democratic Studies der National Taiwan University unter der Leitung von Yun-han Chu durchgeführt wird (Hu Fu Center for East Asia Democratic Studies 2021). Befragt wird eine randomisierte Gruppe in persönlichen Interviews (die nach sozioökonomischen Gesichtspunkten repräsentativ ausgewählt, bzw. deren Ergebnisse entsprechend gewichtet werden). Zweifel an Umfrageergebnissen dieser Art wird vehement diskutiert und ist Gegenstand weiterer Studien. So weist Huang Yasheng in seiner Kritik von Eric X. Lis Legitimitäts-Behauptungen auf Verzerrungen von Umfrageergebnissen durch die Einschränkung von Meinungsfreiheit und eine Art Prüfungsmentalität hin (Huang 2013, 47). Kritiker*innen verweisen außerdem auf die aktive Beeinflussung der öffentlichen Meinung durch die Regierung: negative Informationen werden zensiert, andere positiv „gedreht“, Nationalismus wird bewusst gefördert und politisches Desinteresse durch fehlende Partizipationsmöglichkeiten befördert (Che 2020). Zudem sind die Möglichkeiten der freien Meinungsäußerungen in der Presse und im Internet stark eingeschränkt. Grundsätzliche Kritik an der Zentralregierung, an der KPCh oder am politischen System an sich werden kaum geduldet. Auch im Asian Barometer Survey durften zwei der Standardfragen zu Einparteienstaat und einem „starken Führer“ nicht gestellt werden (Chu u. a. 2008, 25). Hinweise darauf, dass Selbstzensur Umfrageergebnisse in sensiblen Fragen stark verzerrt gibt es – aber selbst nach einer „Korrektur“ mit Hilfe anderer Umfragemethoden genießt die Regierung noch überraschend hohe Zustimmung (Robinson und Tannenberg 2019, 4–5). Die Autor*innen des Asian Barometer Survey gehen davon aus, dass die Zahlen robust sind, da sie von qualitativen Interviews und verschiedenen Fragemethoden gestützt werden (Chu 2013, 39). Eine Analyse der Umfrageergebnisse des Asian Barometer Survey zur VR China findet sich in dem ersten, auf Grundlage der Daten entstandenen Buch How East Asians View Democracy (Shi 2008). Die Daten, die im Jahr 2002 erhoben wurden, zeigen eindeutig eine Ablehnung eines autoritären politischen Regimes, in dem „Experten alles entscheiden“. 74,5% lehnen die Aussage „Wir sollten Experten alles für die Bevölkerung entscheiden lassen“ ab (Chu u. a. 2008, 25). 72,3% der Befragten gaben an, dass Demokratie „jetzt wünschenswert“ für die VR China wäre. 67% geben an, dass Demokratie „jetzt passend“ für die VR China wäre (Chu u. a. 2008, 22). Darüber hinaus hielten 44,5% der Befragten das Regime für „etwas demokratisch“ und 18,4% für „sehr demokratisch“, 25,1% machten keine Angabe (Shi 2008, 219). Shi begründet die teilweise paradox erscheinenden Ergebnisse mit der Elastizität des Demokratiebegriffes. So beziehen sich von den über 60% der Befragten, die das System der VR China im Jahr 2002 für „etwas bzw. sehr demokratisch“ hielten, auf unterschiedliche Demokratiebegriffe: In einer offenen Frage nach dem Demokratieverständnis wurden von verschiedenen Befragten sowohl ein Demokratieverständnis ausschließlich im Sinne der Parteilinie (Demokratie als Kernwert des Sozialismus, bzw. demokratischer Zentralismus, ca. 18,3%) als auch ausschließlich liberale Demokratieverständnisse (Betonung von Freiheiten und Partizipation, ca. 15,4%) benannt (Shi 2008, 215–16). Für eine Erklärung eines Demokratieverständnisses auf Parteilinie siehe Decoding China (Drinhausen 2021). Insgesamt war die Unterstützung von demokratischen Werten stark mit formeller Bildung assoziiert (Shi 2008, 234–35). Eine Studie des Politikwissenschaftlers Peng Hu der Fudan Univerisity (Fudan Daxue 复旦大学), die sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Methoden nutzte, zeigte 2018, dass das Demokratieverständnis der Bevölkerung sich in Richtung Freiheit und politische Partizipation entwickelt (Hu 2018, 1449–52). Da die Ergebnisse des Asian Barometer Survey von 2002 veraltet sind, entstammen die in M6.1 dargestellten Daten dem World Values Survey. Die Umfrage wurde zwischen Juli und Oktober 2018 vom Center for Public Opinion Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Zentrum für Meinungsforschung der Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue 上海交通大学)) unter der Leitung von Yang Zhong durchgeführt (Yang 2018) (Haerpfer u. a. 2020). Auch diese Umfragedaten bezeugen die Zufriedenheit der Bevölkerung mit der Regierung, allerdings macht die skalierte Auffächerung der Zufriedenheit, anstelle einer binären Darstellung, eine differenziertere Betrachtung der Lage möglich. Besonders interessant und in den Fokus wissenschaftlicher Forschung gerückt ist die Diskrepanz der Zufriedenheit zwischen Lokal- und Zentralregierung. Im Kontrast zu anderen Ländern in Asien lässt sich in der VR China „hierarchisches Vertrauen“ beobachten (also größeres Vertrauen gegenüber der Zentralregierung). Erklärt wird diese Diskrepanz z.B. in einer auf den Daten des Asian Barometer Survey basierenden Studie mit von der Zentralregierung ausgehenden politischen Kontrolle der medialen Darstellung verschiedener Regierungsebenen und Angst vor Meinungsäußerung (Wu und Wilkes 2018). Die Daten spiegeln zudem die Ablehnung einer Expertenregierung und die Vorliebe für ein demokratisches politisches System wider. Wie auch im Asian Barometer Survey muss diese Zustimmung zur Demokratie allerdings mit dem Demokratieverständnis der Befragten kontextualisiert werden. Verwendete Literatur
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