Wer regiert China? Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik
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Lerneinheit 1: Die Volksrepublik China als Meritokratie in den Medien2 Materialien|4 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 2: Chinas kaiserzeitliches Beamtenprüfungssystem3 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 3: Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik China2 Materialien|3 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 4: Datenmanipulation und Machtmonopolisierung2 Materialien|5 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 5: Zufriedenheit und Stabilität2 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 6: Diskussion1 Aufgabe
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Ergänzende Materialien3 Materialien
M4.1: Bewertungskriterien und Datenmanipulation
Nach welchen Kriterien werden chinesische Beamte heute beurteilt und befördert? Wie wirksam werden diese Kriterien erfasst?
Die VR China ist in sechs administrative Ebenen gegliedert: Die zentrale Ebene, die Provinz-, die Bezirks-, die Kreis-, die Gemeinde- und die Dorfebene. Innerhalb des Kadermanagementsystems entscheiden zumeist die jeweils übergeordneten Ebenen über die Beförderung der Kader auf der Ebene darunter (Qi, Shi, und Wang 2020, 3). Bewertet wird der Erfolg der Umsetzung von politischen Zielsetzungen anhand von Messdaten und der Befragung von Kolleg*innen und Untergebenen. Seit den 1990er Jahren werden die Bewertungskriterien regelmäßig den Prioritäten der Parteiführung angepasst (Heilmann, Shih, und Hepp 2016, 102–3). Dabei fließen das lokale Wirtschaftswachstum, die politische Stabilität der Region, aber auch Bemühungen um nachhaltige Entwicklung und das Verhalten der Kader im privaten Bereich in ihre Bewertung ein. Manchmal sind Zielsetzungen jedoch widersprüchlich oder nicht auf die lokalen Gegebenheiten anwendbar. Und oft sind die Bewertungskriterien nicht gut messbar. Daher ist die Bewertung anfällig für Datenmanipulation. Lokale Kader versuchen also, Verpflichtungen zu umgehen oder Daten zu beschönigen, was zu Verzerrungen der leistungsorientierten Auswahl der politischen Elite führen kann (Heilmann u. a. 2016, 304). Die folgende Anekdote aus einem wissenschaftlichen Artikel illustriert solche Vorgehensweisen:
Aufgrund solcher Manipulationen werden kontinuierlich Verbesserungen in der Erhebung quantitativer Daten vorgenommen. So üben die Zentralregierung und Parteiführung Druck auf die Provinzebene aus, damit Zahlen stärker der Realität entsprechen (Leng 2019). In ausgewählten Bereichen werden außerdem seit Mitte der 2010er Jahre Datenerhebungen von nicht-staatlichen, markwirtschaftlich organisierten Akteuren in die Evaluation einbezogen (Niu u. a. 2020). Offen bleiben die Fragen, ob die Erfüllung der vorgegebenen Ziele erstrebenswert ist und ob die erhobenen quantitativen Daten ein gutes Abbild individueller Leistung und Eignung als Politiker*in bieten.
Zur Einsicht detaillierter Quellenangaben sowie weiterführender Informationen und Literaturhinweise zum Material besuchen Sie bitte die Plattform ChinaPerspektiven. [https://www.china-schul-akademie.de/materialien/m-wrc-m4-1]
Weiterführende Informationen
Autor | Titel | Datum | Bildrechte | Objektbeschreibung | Einordnung |
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Autor: Odila Schröder | Titel: Bewertungskriterien und Datenmanipulation im Kadermanagementsystem der Volksrepublik China | Datum: 14.05.2021 | Rechte: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | Objektbeschreibung: Hintergrundinformationen und Übersetzung einer Anekdote zur Datenmanipulation bei der Erhebung von lokalen Geburtsraten |
Einordnung: Der Text wurde verfasst von Odila Schröder, Mitarbeiterin der China-Schul-Akademie. Er orientiert sich am aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Bewertungskriterien innerhalb des Kadermanagementsystems der VR China. Er enthält die Übersetzung eines Abschnittes aus einem wissenschaftlichen Artikel von Gao Jie, einer Wissenschaftlerin an der National University of Singapore, die 2007 in Hong Kong zu dem Thema promoviert hat und seitdem in diesem Bereich forschend tätig ist. Datenmanipulation ist als Problem für die effektive Kaderbewertung bekannt. So hält Sebastian Heilmann in seinem Standardwerk zum politischen System der VR China fest: „Sehr anfällig ist die quantitative Leistungsmessung allerdings für die Manipulation von Ergebnis- und Datenberichten (etwa in der Wirtschafts-, Sozial- oder Umweltstatistik), die zu systematischen Verzerrungen und Beschönigungen von Evaluationsergebnissen genutzt werden können.” (Heilmann u. a. 2016, 304) Weitere Informationen zur Verlässlichkeit von statistischen Daten in China und zur sogenannten Ein-Kind-Politik finden Sie im Modul „China unter der Lupe“ und im Einordnungstext zu M5.1. Verwendete Literatur 2596022
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Gao, Jie. 2015. Pernicious Manipulation of Performance Measures in China’s Cadre Evaluation System*. The China Quarterly 223 (September): 618–637. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741015000806, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/pernicious-manipulation-of-performance-measures-in-chinas-cadre-evaluation-system/1C8A8F4DCDB49F699B591E5EE3EFFD7A (zugegriffen: 11. Februar 2021). Zitieren
Dieser Artikel enthält eine Kategorisierung und viele Beispiele für Datenmanipulation durch chinesische Kader. Darunter Techniken um zukünftige Zielsetzungen zu verringern – durch die Vermeidung der MItteilung im Falle von einer Übererfullung von Zielen. Aber auch Techniken, wie Ziele fälschlicherweise als erreicht vermerkt wurden.
Heilmann, Sebastian, Lea Shih und Sandra Hepp. 2016. Partei und Staat. In: Das politische System der Volksrepublik China, 27–139. 3., akt. Aufl. 2016. SpringerLink : Bücher. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-07228-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07228-5 (zugegriffen: 4. Januar 2021). Zitieren
Heilmann, Sebastian, Matthias Stephan, Zhu Yi, Kristin Shi-Kupfer, Dirk Schmidt und Sandra Hepp. 2016. Politikgestaltung und Politikfelder. In: Das politische System der Volksrepublik China, 27–139. 3., akt. Aufl. 2016. SpringerLink : Bücher. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-07228-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07228-5 (zugegriffen: 4. Januar 2021). Zitieren
Leng, Sidney. 2019. China’s economic census uncovers more fake data. South China Morning Post. 20. Juni. https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3015206/chinas-economic-census-undercovers-more-fake-data-officials (zugegriffen: 20. Februar 2021). Zitieren
Zeitungsartikel der Hong Konger South China Morning Post (eine ausführliche Einordnung finden Sie in unserer Linkliste) über das Vorgehen der Zentralregierung in Beijing gegen gefälschte Daten auf lokaler Ebene.
Manion, Melanie. 1985. The Cadre Management System, Post-Mao: The Appointment, Promotion, Transfer and Removal of Party and State Leaders. The China Quarterly, Nr. 102: 203–233. https://www.jstor.org/stable/653845 (zugegriffen: 10. Februar 2021). Zitieren
Niu, Xuejiao, Xiaohu Wang, Jie Gao und Xuejun Wang. Has third-party monitoring improved environmental data quality? An analysis of air pollution data in China. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109698, https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0301479719314161?token=ED62DDF7877C207142D8F189BD40CC5AD606120AD266581E190324BA62A58A4C568A8D71C11979ADD26A9E8A416E2178&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20210514151828 (zugegriffen: 14. Mai 2021). Zitieren
Niu, XueJiao, XiaoHu Wang, Jie Gao und XueJun Wang. 2020. Has third-party monitoring improved environmental data quality? An analysis of air pollution data in China. Journal of Environmental Management 253 (1. Januar): 109698. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109698, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479719314161 (zugegriffen: 14. Mai 2021). Zitieren
Qi, Rui, Chenchen Shi und Mark Wang. 2020. The over-cascading system of cadre evaluation and China’s authoritarian resilience. China Information (27. Mai): 0920203X20920514. doi:10.1177/0920203X20920514, https://doi.org/10.1177/0920203X20920514 (zugegriffen: 10. Februar 2021). Zitieren
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M4.1: Aufgabe 2
Zuordnung: M4.1Vergleichen Sie das Auswahlverfahren entweder 1. mit dem von Eric X. Li beschriebenen Ideal, oder 2. mit Ihnen bekannten Auswahlverfahren bzw. Karriereschritten von Politiker*innen in Deutschland.-
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