Wer regiert China? Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik
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Lerneinheit 1: Die Volksrepublik China als Meritokratie in den Medien2 Materialien|4 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 2: Chinas kaiserzeitliches Beamtenprüfungssystem3 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 3: Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik China2 Materialien|3 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 4: Datenmanipulation und Machtmonopolisierung2 Materialien|5 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 5: Zufriedenheit und Stabilität2 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 6: Diskussion1 Aufgabe
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Ergänzende Materialien3 Materialien
M3.2: Die politische Elite der Volksrepublik China (VR China) in Zahlen
Die folgenden Diagramme geben Aufschluss über die Zusammensetzung der politischen Elite der VR China im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung. Die politische Elite der VR China wird hier repräsentiert 205 Mitglieder des Zentralkomitees der KPCh und der 24 Mitglieder des Politbüros der KPCh. Zum Vergleich werden hier auch Daten der „repräsentativen“ Organe von Partei und Staat, dem Parteitag der KPCh und dem Nationalen Volkskongress – sowie die Zusammensetzung des deutschen Bundestags dargestellt.
Die folgenden Diagramme geben Aufschluss über die Zusammensetzung der politischen Elite der VR China im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung. Die politische Elite der VR China wird hier repräsentiert 205 Mitglieder des Zentralkomitees der KPCh und der 24 Mitglieder des Politbüros der KPCh. Zum Vergleich werden hier auch Daten der „repräsentativen“ Organe von Partei und Staat, dem Parteitag der KPCh und dem Nationalen Volkskongress – sowie die Zusammensetzung des deutschen Bundestags dargestellt.
Zur Einsicht detaillierter Quellenangaben sowie weiterführender Informationen und Literaturhinweise zum Material besuchen Sie bitte die Plattform ChinaPerspektiven. [https://www.china-schul-akademie.de/materialien/m-wrc-m3-2]
Weiterführende Informationen
Autor | Titel | Datum | Bildrechte | Objektbeschreibung | Einordnung |
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Autor: Odila Schröder | Titel: Die politische Elite der VR China in Zahlen | Datum: 03.05.2023 | Rechte: CC BY-SA 4.0 | Objektbeschreibung: Diagramme zur Geschlechterverteilung, ethnischen Zugehörigkeit und Bildungsabschlüssen der politischen Elite der VR China sowie Daten zur Geschlechterverteilung und Bildungsabschlüssen der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages und der Gesamtbevölkerung Deutschlands. | Einordnung: Die hier aufgeführten Daten sind den folgenden Quellen entnommen:
1. des Nationalen Büros für Statistik der VR China (National Bureau of Statistics of China 2022), 2. der CCP Elite Database (Shih 2020–2021), 3. dem digitalen Projekt „the Commitee“ des Think Tanks Macro Polo (Ma u. a. 2023), 4. der öffentlich zugänglichen Plattform Statista (statista 2023), ein privatwirtschaftliches Nachrichtenportal, das amtliche Statistiken sowie Daten von Markt- und Meinungsforschungsinstituten zugänglich macht, sowie 5. medialer Berichterstattung (Wei 2023; Roy 2022) und 5. dem Datenhandbuch des Deutschen Bundestages (Deutscher Bundestag 2023) und Veröffentlichungen des Statistischen Bundesamtes (Statistisches Bundesamt 2020). Die Daten zur Zusammensetzung der politischen Elite Chinas sind der CCP Elite Database entnommen (Shih und Young 2020; Shih 2020–2021). Das am China Data Lab an der University of California San Diego angesiedelte Forschungsprojekt der Chinaexperten Victor Shih und Young Yang sammelt biografische Daten der politischen Elite Chinas. Bisher sind die Teilnehmer des 15. bis 19. Parteitags der KPCh (National Congress of the CCP, Zhongguo Gongchandang Quanguo Daibiao Dahui 中国共产党全国代表大会) von 2012 und 2017 in der Datenbank erfasst. Ein ähnliches Projekt des am Paulson Institut angesiedelten Think Tanks Macro Polo stellt Daten zu den Mitgliedern des Zentralkomitees der KPCh zur Verfügung. Dort finden sich Daten zu den Mitgliedern des Zentralkomitees nach dem 20. Parteitag der KPCh 2022 (Ma u. a. 2023). Detailliertere biografische Angaben zu einzelnen Politiker*innen finden Sie auf chinavitae.com (nähere Informationen finden Sie in der Linkliste). Infografiken zu den Parteimitgliedern der KPCh hat Nis Grünberg für das Merics Institut zusammengestellt (Grünberg 2021). Während in den „repräsentativen“ Gremien von Partei und Staat – nämlich dem Parteitag der KPCh und dem Nationalen Volkskongress – eine proportionale Vertretung von Frauen und ethnischen Minderheiten angestrebt wird und teils formal vorgeschrieben ist (etwa die Vertretung nationaler Minderheiten im Nationalen Volkskongress), scheint diese in der politischen Führungsebene kaum eine Rolle zu spielen. Die aus den Diagrammen ersichtliche Unterrepräsentation von Frauen in den Führungsgremien der Partei stellt seit Jahren die Legitimität der Gremien in Frage und wird auch innerhalb der KPCh kritisch gesehen (Thomas 2020). Eine aktuelle Analyse zu weiblichen Kadern wurde Ende 2020 im ChinaFile Blog der Asia Society veröffentlicht (nähere Informationen zu ChinaFile finden Sie auf unserer Linkliste) (Shen 2020). Es wird vermutet, dass Frauen auf Lokalebene proportional weniger befördert, wenn sie die obersten Führungsriegen erreicht haben aber bevorzugt befördert werden. Angehörige ethnischer Minderheiten sind unter Führungskadern proportional bzw. leicht überrepräsentiert, was durch gesetzliche Vorgaben geregelt bzw. eventuell der Kooptation von lokalen Eliten dient (Ma und Thomas 25.03.2019). Allerdings scheint der Zugang zum Politbüro bisher versperrt zu sein. Die ethnische Zugehörigkeit und politische Repräsentation verschiedener ethnischer Minderheiten kann den Darstellungen der CCP Elite Database entnommen werden (Shih 2020–2021). Der Vergleich der Bildungsabschlüsse der Gesamtbevölkerung (ab 6 Jahren) mit den Abschlüssen der Mitglieder des 19. Parteitags der KPCh zeigt das überdurchschnittlich hohe Bildungsniveau der Kader: Während in der Gesamtbevölkerung nur ca. 15% einen universitären Abschluss haben, wovon wiederum die Hälfte auf Fachhochschulen bzw. technische Abschlüsse verfällt, haben die Mitglieder des Zentralkomitees fast ausnahmslos eine universitäre Bildung genossen. Statistiken zu den Bildungsabschlüssen der Abgeordneten des Deutschen Bundestages sind leider nur schwer mit denen chinesischer Delegierter vergleichbar. Dies ist dem anderen Bildungssystem, aber auch anderen Erhebungsmethoden zuzuschreiben. Dennoch kann im Vergleich mit den berufsbildenden Abschlüssen der Gesamtbevölkerung Deutschlands ein besonders hohes Bildungsniveau im Bundestag festgestellt werden: über 80% der Abgeordneten haben das Abitur, ca. 16% sind promoviert. (Odila Schröder, 12.05.2021, bearbeitet am 03.05.2023) Verwendete Literatur 2596022
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M3.2: Aufgabe 1
Zuordnung: M3.2Analysieren Sie anhand der Statistiken in M3.2 die Zusammensetzung der politischen Elite der VR China. Erörtern Sie, ob die Zusammensetzung der politischen Elite dem Anspruch einer nach dem Prinzip der Chancengleichheit und akademischer Leistung ausgewählten Elite gerecht wird.-
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