Schule im Vergleich
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Lerneinheit 1: Medienstimmen: Schule in der Volksrepublik China – Schule in Deutschland1 Material|1 Aufgabe
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Lerneinheit 2: Bildungssystem2 Materialien|1 Aufgabe
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Lerneinheit 3: Schulalltag
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Lerneinheit 4: Ungleichheiten3 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 5: Leistungsdruck2 Materialien|2 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 6: Rolle der Lehrer*innen3 Materialien|4 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 7: Reformen2 Materialien|3 Aufgaben
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Lerneinheit 8: Digitalisierung
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Lerneinheit 9: Rolle der Eltern
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Lerneinheit 10: Historische Kontinuitäten?
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Lerneinheit 11: Schule in Taiwan1 Material|1 Aufgabe
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Lerneinheit 12: Prüfungsinhalte1 Material
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Ergänzende Materialien1 Material
M7.1: Bildungsreformen in der Volksrepublik China 2021
Jonas Schmid 22.08.2022
M7.1: Bildungsreformen in der Volksrepublik China 2021
Der folgende Text gibt einen Einblick in die Hintergründe und Folgen der Bildungsreform in der Volksrepublik China 2021, durch die Staat und Partei versuchen – so die offizielle Sichtweise – die Belastung der Schüler*innen zu reduzieren.
Aus der Perspektive vieler chinesischer Eltern und Schüler*innen war lange Zeit der Besuch von privaten Nachhilfeschulen notwendig, um in der Hochschulzugangsprüfung (Gaokao) und anderen Prüfungen gute Noten zu erreichen. Nachhilfe in China richtet sich dabei nicht vorrangig an Leistungsschwache, sondern besonders an gute Schüler*innen, die ihre Noten noch weiter verbessern wollen. Chinas Nachhilfemarkt hatte zwischenzeitlich ein enormes Volumen erreicht – Schätzungen gehen für das Jahr 2018 beispielsweise von Einnahmen des Nachhilfesektors von umgerechnet mehr als 200 Milliarden Euro aus. Je nach Klassenstufe und Wohnort besuchen mehr oder weniger Schüler*innen Nachhilfeunterricht: In ländlichen Regionen beispielsweise deutlich weniger als in Städten. Die hohen Kosten, die Eltern für die Ausbildung und Erziehung eines Kindes ausgeben, setzen die bestehenden Ungleichheiten im chinesischen Bildungssystem fort. Sie sind auch ein Faktor, warum immer weniger Chines*innen Kinder bekommen wollen. Die niedrige Geburtenrate wird langfristig zu einer Überalterung der Gesellschaft und einem Fachkräftemangel in der Volksrepublik China führen.
Bereits 2018 hat Xi Jinping 习近平 (1953- ), Staatspräsident und Parteichef, private Nachhilfefirmen kritisiert. Im Juli 2021 griff die Zentralregierung in Beijing dann hart durch und schränkte unter anderem gewinnorientierten Nachhilfeunterricht durch Firmen weitestgehend ein. Zu den neuen politischen Vorgaben zählen unter anderem: Private Nachhilfefirmen müssen sich als nichtgewinnorientierte Institutionen registrieren und dürfen keine Gelder mehr durch Aktien einwerben; sie dürfen keine Kurse mit Inhalten des normalen Schulunterrichtes an Wochenenden oder an Feiertagen anbieten; Kurse unter der Woche dürfen nur bis neun Uhr abends gegeben werden und Online-Nachhilfekurse dürfen nicht länger als 30 Minuten dauern und nicht mehr von ausländischen Lehrer*innen durchgeführt werden. Später wurden auch die Möglichkeiten privaten Nachhilfeunterrichts bei den Schüler*innen daheim eingeschränkt.
Aus offizieller Sicht soll mit dieser Politik der „doppelten Entlastung“ (shuangjian 双减) der Druck auf Kinder, Jugendliche und deren Eltern verringert werden. Der zweite große Bestandteil neben der Einschränkung von außerschulischer Nachhilfe ist daher eine Reduktion des Drucks in den normalen Schulen. Dazu gehören weniger Hausaufgaben (so sollen Hausaufgaben in den Klassenstufen 3 bis 6 der Grundschulen täglich nicht mehr als 60 Minuten einnehmen), Betreuungsangebote (zum Beispiel zum Erledigen der Hausaufgaben) in den Schulen, aber auch ein Verbot des öffentlichen Aushängens von Testergebnissen an den Schulen. Gleichzeitig wurde dieses Vorgehen auch im Rahmen anderer Aktionen gesehen, durch die die Kommunistische Partei unter Xi Jinping versucht, ihren Einfluss auf Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft zu stärken. Denn auch die Finanzierung und Unterrichtsinhalte von privaten Schulen sollen nun strenger kontrolliert werden.
Erste Folgen dieser Reformen waren ein enormer Einbruch der Kurse von an den Börsen notierten Nachhilfeunternehmen aus der Volksrepublik China. Viele der kleineren Nachhilfeunternehmen gingen auch pleite und viele der geschätzt 10 Millionen zuvor bei privaten Nachhilfeunternehmen arbeitenden Lehrer*innen sind nun arbeitslos. In manchen großen Städten wie Beijing zwingt die Lokalregierung Lehrer*innen an Schulen daher den Schüler*innen kostenlosen Nachhilfeunterricht in der Schule anzubieten – was für die Lehrer*innen an den Schulen mehr Stress bedeutet. Gleichzeitig wird aber auch die sich hauptsächlich auf Verbote stützende neue Politik kritisiert: Reiche Eltern könnten sich weiterhin illegal privaten Nachhilfeunterricht für ihre Kinder leisten.
Offizielle – vom Bildungsministerium und staatlichen Medien in Auftrag gegebene – Umfragen zeigen ein positives Bild der neuen Politik: Über 70 bis über 90 Prozent der befragten Eltern seien mit der Politik der „doppelten Entlastung“ zufrieden. Andere Umfragen in großen Städten wie Shanghai oder Beijing haben jedoch gezeigt, dass viele Eltern Angst haben, dass ihren Kindern durch die Einschränkungen des Nachhilfeunterrichts Nachteile im Vergleich zu anderen Schüler*innen entstehen. Inwiefern diese Reformen also tatsächlich nachhaltige Veränderungen im Bildungssystem anstoßen können, wird sich in den kommenden Jahren erst noch zeigen müssen.
Zur Einsicht detaillierter Quellenangaben sowie weiterführender Informationen und Literaturhinweise zum Material besuchen Sie bitte die Plattform ChinaPerspektiven. [https://www.china-schul-akademie.de/materialien/m-schule-m7-1/]
Weiterführende Informationen
Autor | Titel | Datum | Rechte | Einordnung |
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Autor*in: Unbekannt | Titel: Bildungsreformen in der Volksrepublik China 2021 | Entstehungsdatum: Heidelberg 13.05.2021 | Rechte: CC BY-SA | Einordnung: Dieser Einordnungstext verweist auf weiterführende Literatur und Quellen auf denen der Text „Bildungsreformen in der Volksrepublik China 2021“ basiert. Dabei wurde aufgrund der Aktualität des Themas vor allem auf englischsprachige und chinesischsprachige Medienberichte zurückgegriffen. Hintergrund: Nachhilfe in der Volksrepublik China Neue politische Vorgaben Ziele der Reform Folgen der Reform Bewertung der Reform in der Volksrepublik China Weitere Reformen
(Jonas Schmid, 19.08.2022) Weiterführende Literatur:
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Analysiert basierend auf hundert Interviews mit jungen Chines*innen die Gründe, warum die meisten jungen Chines*innen kein zweites Kind haben wollen. Genannt werden vor allem der Mangel an Zeit und Geld und aus Sicht der Frauen vor allem Hindernisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Zhou, Cissy. 2021. Why China cracked down on education, upending a US$70 billion industry. South China Morning Post. 3. August. https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3143551/why-china-cracked-down-education-and-upended-us70-billion (zugegriffen: 19. August 2022). Zitieren
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